14.9. 表达式

where子句中允许使用的表达式包括 大多数你可以在SQL使用的表达式种类:

关键字inbetween可按如下方法使用:

from DomesticCat cat where cat.name between 'A' and 'B'
from DomesticCat cat where cat.name in ( 'Foo', 'Bar', 'Baz' )

而且否定的格式也可以如下书写:

from DomesticCat cat where cat.name not between 'A' and 'B'
from DomesticCat cat where cat.name not in ( 'Foo', 'Bar', 'Baz' )

同样, 子句is nullis not null可以被用来测试空值(null).

在Hibernate配置文件中声明HQL“查询替代(query substitutions)”之后, 布尔表达式(Booleans)可以在其他表达式中轻松的使用:

<property name="hibernate.query.substitutions">true 1, false 0</property>

系统将该HQL转换为SQL语句时,该设置表明将用字符 10 来 取代关键字truefalse:

from Cat cat where cat.alive = true

你可以用特殊属性size, 或是特殊函数size()测试一个集合的大小。

from Cat cat where cat.kittens.size > 0
from Cat cat where size(cat.kittens) > 0

对于索引了(有序)的集合,你可以使用minindexmaxindex函数来引用到最小与最大的索引序数。 同理,你可以使用minelementmaxelement函数来 引用到一个基本数据类型的集合中最小与最大的元素。

from Calendar cal where maxelement(cal.holidays) > current_date
from Order order where maxindex(order.items) > 100
from Order order where minelement(order.items) > 10000

在传递一个集合的索引集或者是元素集(elementsindices 函数) 或者传递一个子查询的结果的时候,可以使用SQL函数any, some, all, exists, in

select mother from Cat as mother, Cat as kit
where kit in elements(foo.kittens)
select p from NameList list, Person p
where p.name = some elements(list.names)
from Cat cat where exists elements(cat.kittens)
from Player p where 3 > all elements(p.scores)
from Show show where 'fizard' in indices(show.acts)

注意,在Hibernate3种,这些结构变量- size, elements, indices, minindex, maxindex, minelement, maxelement - 只能在where子句中使用。

一个被索引过的(有序的)集合的元素(arrays, lists, maps)可以在其他索引中被引用(只能在where子句中):

from Order order where order.items[0].id = 1234
select person from Person person, Calendar calendar
where calendar.holidays['national day'] = person.birthDay
    and person.nationality.calendar = calendar
select item from Item item, Order order
where order.items[ order.deliveredItemIndices[0] ] = item and order.id = 11
select item from Item item, Order order
where order.items[ maxindex(order.items) ] = item and order.id = 11

[]中的表达式甚至可以是一个算数表达式。

select item from Item item, Order order
where order.items[ size(order.items) - 1 ] = item

对于一个一对多的关联(one-to-many association)或是值的集合中的元素, HQL也提供内建的index()函数,

select item, index(item) from Order order 
    join order.items item
where index(item) < 5

如果底层数据库支持标量的SQL函数,它们也可以被使用

from DomesticCat cat where upper(cat.name) like 'FRI%'

如果你还不能对所有的这些深信不疑,想想下面的查询。如果使用SQL,语句长度会增长多少,可读性会下降多少:

select cust
from Product prod,
    Store store
    inner join store.customers cust
where prod.name = 'widget'
    and store.location.name in ( 'Melbourne', 'Sydney' )
    and prod = all elements(cust.currentOrder.lineItems)

提示: 会像如下的语句

SELECT cust.name, cust.address, cust.phone, cust.id, cust.current_order
FROM customers cust,
    stores store,
    locations loc,
    store_customers sc,
    product prod
WHERE prod.name = 'widget'
    AND store.loc_id = loc.id
    AND loc.name IN ( 'Melbourne', 'Sydney' )
    AND sc.store_id = store.id
    AND sc.cust_id = cust.id
    AND prod.id = ALL(
        SELECT item.prod_id
        FROM line_items item, orders o
        WHERE item.order_id = o.id
            AND cust.current_order = o.id
    )